Did Roman Soldiers Eat Meat

Weve been led to think that ancient Romans were mainly vegetarian and that when the legions came into contact with the northern European barbarians they had trouble stomaching the meat-rich food. The tradition about the legions being near vegetarian in camp is very believable for the early Republican era. Scurvy references are reliable, I believe. By the latter half of the 2nd century B.C., the whole Roman world had opened up and almost all aspects of Roman life, including diet, had changed from the old days. My only real point is that Josephus and Tacitus could not accurately chronicle the early or middle Republican diet. Cato is the only source that comes close, and he is at the very end of the era (and a cabbage freak to boot).​[2910.168]REYNOLDSDC Maybe this is too simplistic. Perhaps the Roman soldiers werent opposed to a daily meat-centered meal. R.W. Davies in The Roman Military Diet, published in Britannia, in 1971, argues on the basis of his reading of history, epigraphy, and archaeological finds that Roman soldiers throughout the Republic and Empire ate meat. Excavated Bones Reveal Diet Details Much of Davies work in The Roman Military Diet is interpretation, but some of it is scientific analysis of bones excavated from Roman, British, and German military sites dating from Augustus to the third century. From the analysis, we know the Romans ate ox, sheep, goat, pig, deer, boar, and hare, in most places and in some areas, elk, wolf, fox, badger, beaver, bear, vole, ibex, and otter. Broken beef bones suggest the extraction of marrow for soup. Alongside the animal bones, archaeologists found equipment for roasting and boiling the meat as well as for making cheese from the milk of domesticated animals. Fish and poultry were also popular, the latter especially for the sick. Roman Soldiers Ate (and Perhaps Drank) Mostly Grain R.W. Davies is not saying the Roman soldiers were primarily meat eaters. Their diet was mostly grain: wheat, barley, and oats, mainly, but also spelt and rye. Just as Roman solders were supposed to dislike meat, so too they were supposed to detest beer — considering it far inferior to their native Roman wine. Davies brings this assumption into question when he says a discharged Germanic soldier set himself up to supply the Roman military with beer near the end of the first century. Republican and Imperial Soldiers Were Probably Not That Different It might be argued that the information about Roman soldiers of the Imperial period is irrelevant for the earlier Republican period. But even here R.W. Davies argues that there is evidence from the Republican period of Roman history for meat consumption by soldiers: When Scipio reintroduced military discipline to the army at Numantia in 134 B.C., he ordered that the only way the troops could eat their meat was by roasting or boiling it. There would be no reason to discuss procedure for preparation if they werent eating it. Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus made a similar rule in 109 B.C. Davies also mentions a passage from Suetonius biography of Julius Caesar in which Caesar made a generous donation to the people of Rome of meat. XXXVIII. To every foot-soldier in his veteran legions, besides the two thousand sesterces paid him in the beginning of the civil war, he gave twenty thousand more, in the shape of prize-money. He likewise allotted them lands, but not in contiguity, that the former owners might not be entirely dispossessed. To the people of Rome, besides ten modii of corn, and as many pounds of oil, he gave three hundred sesterces a man, which he had formerly promised them, and a hundred more to each for the delay in fulfilling his engagement.... To all this he added a public entertainment, and a distribution of meat....Suetonius - Julius Caesar Lack of Refrigeration Meant Summer Meat Would Have Spoiled Davies lists one passage that has been used to defend the idea of a vegetarian military during the Republican period: Corbulo and his army, although they had suffered no losses in battle, were worn out by shortages and exertion and were driven to ward off hunger by eating the flesh of animals. Moreover, water was short, the summer was long.... Davies explains that in the heat of the summer and without salt to preserve the meat, soldiers were reluctant to eat it for fear of getting sick from spoiled meat. Soldiers Could Carry More Protein Power in Meat Than Grain Davies is not saying the Romans were primarily meat eaters even in the Imperial period, but he is saying that there is reason to question the assumption that Roman soldiers, with their need for high-quality protein and to limit the amount of food they had to carry, avoided meat. The literary passages are ambiguous, but clearly, the Roman soldier, of at least the Imperial period, did eat meat and probably with regularity. It could be argued that the Roman army was increasingly composed of non-Romans/Italians: that the later Roman soldier may have been more likely to be from Gaul or Germania, which may or may not be sufficient explanation for the Imperial soldiers carnivorous diet. This seems to be one more case where there is reason at least to question the conventional (here, meat-shunning) wisdom.

Business Plan For The Gold Dust Bank - 1369 Words

(Bicycle sales, hire and repair) Prepared for the Gold-dust Bank by (Name) (DATE) 1. Introduction and Summary of the Business Plan We have always wanted to run our own business. We now feel we have found our niche. We have saved enough money to set it up and are ready to start. We have completed our research, and believe that there is a place in Downtown for a specialised bicycle business. The business will be named Cycle Paradise and will be a bicycle retail, repair and hire outlet, specialising in touring and speed bikes and offering a range of equipment and accessories. The business will be run by name(s) partnership. It will be located at: It is proposed to start operating from 5 March 2014. We will need a bank loan of  £7,500 and an overdraft facility of  £3000. 2. Personnel We both have experience in small businesses. Edward has worked for many years in the family ironmongery business, including repairing garden machinery. Beatrice has previous supervisory work in the Nthani restaurant in the town. We both have some experience of operating a business – e.g. book-keeping, purchasing and advertising. Both of us are very keen on cycling – we are members of local touring club and take an active part in events. Beatrice was Chairperson of the club for several years, and Edward is currently Tours Co-ordinator. We are in our mid-40s, have no children, are in excellent health and have lived and worked in Downtown for most of our lives. 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The Movie The Aladdin - 880 Words

In the movie Aladdin, it talks about social class. What is a social class? According to Anderson Taylor (2013), â€Å"social class is the social structural position that groups hold relative to the economic, social, political, and cultural resources of society† (p. 174). In this world, there are people who are determined to be the rich. However, there are also people who are born to be the poor. People called the rich, upper class. The poor are called lower class. Furthermore, more people are considered middle class in this society nowadays. Aladdin, this movie introduces that the Princess is no longer white. This story consists of a lamp through a entire storyline. A minister of a king of Sultan, Jafar, in order to gain the powerful spirit inside the lamp, he must find a metaphors uncut diamond. However, a street child, Aladdin, is the selected diamond. Aladdin is a poor boy, and he only makes a living by stealing. He is a famous thief in the city. 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4ps of Marketing Essay - 992 Words

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Nike also has a number of famous athletes as brand ambassadors from all sports e.g. Ronaldo, Neymar Rooney from football, Virat Kohli from Cricket, legends like Tiger Woods, Michael Jordan , Usain Bolt Roger Federer. With addition of ‘apps’ and wearable electronics Nike has further strengthen its position as the most recognizable brands in the world of sports. Combined with its quality products, great customer service it’s no surprise that it has a huge loyal customer base. b. My son I compared two similar shoes from competing rivals and ultimately reached a conclusion that Nike delivers the best customer value. (Refer cols in Yellow and Blue). 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Strategic Responses towards Consumer Awareness about Healthy Products

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Responses towards Consumer Awareness about Healthy Products: The Case of Subway. Answer: Statement of the problem Subway exists to provide its customers with the goods and services that they demand. Consumers offer the firm a market for their products which translates into income revenue and profits for the company. For this reason, Subway must pay attention to the changes in consumer preferences and awareness about consuming healthy products and match their products to meet the shift in demand by their consumers (Miller Shamsie, 1999). Over the past few years, consumers have become more aware of healthy eating and consuming healthy products. Thus, there is a significant shift in the demand of goods and services in favor of healthy food at the expense of unhealthy lifestyles (Brownsell, 2012). As a result, the firm is forced design its strategy and game plan in response to the increase in consumer awareness about health eating in order to survive in the constantly changing consumer needs (Harwell, 2015). In this regard, this study seeks to find out how Subway responded to changes in the degree of consumer awareness about healthy products. Aims and Objectives of the study The study seeks to address two main objectives, that is; To determine the factors that increases consumer awareness about healthy products as well as consuming healthy food. To establish how firms undertake strategic responses and how Subway adjusted to the changes in consumer preference for healthy products. Research Methodology In this research, the study will utilize qualitative research methods of data collection and analysis. As such, the study will utilize self completion questionnaires and structured interviews during data collection. The researcher will conduct structured as well as in-depth interviews and questionnaires with the management of subway stores within the country to establish the strategy they adopted in response to the changes in consumer preferences. Also, the researcher will give consumers of Subway products self-completion questionnaires to gather more information on the factors that raised their awareness regarding the importance of consuming healthy products. These methods are advantageous because they allow a one on one interaction between the researcher and respondent, thereby helping the researcher understand more about the topic. Data Sources It is worth noting that the study will use both primary and secondary data sources to gather information on the subject matter. The primary data sources will consist of the responses received from the interviews and questionnaires used for data collection. On the other hand, secondary data sources will consist of peer reviewed business journals, health databases, and library books on the subject. Methods and tools for analysis Given that the data collected in the study is predominantly qualitative, the study will utilize the NVivo software as a tool of analysis (Leech Onwuegbuzie, 2007). This Computer assisted qualitative data analysis software will assist in mapping out, importing, coding and analyzing the data set to provide a clear evaluation of the collected data (Welsh, 2002). In this case, NVivo is the best tool for analysis (Gibbs, 2008). References Brownsell, A. (2012). Subway pushes '5-a-day' message in new campaign. Campaign. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/subway-pushes-5-a-day-message-new-campaign/1159403 Gibbs, G. (2008). Analysing Qualitative Data (1st ed.). London: Sage Publishers. Harwell, D. (2015). The rise and fall of Subway, the world's biggest food chain. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-rise-and-fall-of-subway-the-worlds-biggest-food-chain-20150530-ghd0va.html Leech, N. L., Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). An array of qualitative data analysis tools: A call for data analysis triangulation. School Psychology Quarterly, 22(4), 557-584. Miller, D., Shamsie, J. (1999). Strategic Responses to Three Kinds of Uncertainty: Product Line Simplicity at the Hollywood Film Studios. Sage Journals. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/014920639902500105?journalCode=joma Welsh, Elaine (2002). Dealing with Data: Using NVivo in the Qualitative Data Analysis Process. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 3(2)

Impact of ICT in Various Institutions-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Research and Explain Possible future uses of ICTs in education and assess their likely Impact on the various Institutions and different clients groups that may be affected. Answer: Possible future uses of ICTs in education and their likely impact on the various institutions and different clients groups that may be affected ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. The use of technology is increasing with the change in the century. The use of technology is not only increasing in business but also in schools and colleges. Computers are widely used in the schools and colleges for getting learnings in the IT subjects (Watson, Tinsley, 2013). There are different courses related to the IT in which there is need of the ICT. The traditional practice of teaching is changing due to the emergence of the technology. Traditionally, the teachers used to teach the students on blackboards and they used to give the examples orally which is not clear the understanding for each and every students due to which the teachers used to repeat the chapters again and again. ICT has brought the change in the face of education over the last few decades. The Singapores education institutions are considered as the most advanced and updated in the world is related to the use of information technology in education (Schwalbe, 2015). In Singapore, the technology has transformed the way educators teach. The teachers are making the use of the latest apps and websites, the ICT (information and communication technology) is providing helps in deepen students learning and this updated technology is essential to engage the students in the lessons (Today Online, 2017). The use of technology helps the teachers to provide the student clear understanding of the lessons. Schools and colleges use a diverse set of the ICT tools to create, communicate, store, and manage information. The ICT brought the changes in teaching, now the schools and colleges have digital whiteboards; even there is a usage of the smartphone or other devices by the students for learning during the cla ss. Many schools and colleges make use of cloud computing to access all their homework and the other resources. This provides convenience to the students to make access the digital library anytime even when the campus library is not accessible (Jain, Pandey, 2013). To provide the learning to the students there is need of the teachers to be aware of the use of digital technologies. The teachers who are literate about the use of ICT can bring the higher order thinking skills, creativity and individualized options for the students so that they can easily and effectively understand the learning. Considering the present use of the ICTs in education, the future uses of ICTs in education is going to be advanced and bright. The Global search for education invited Dr. Pak Tee Ng in Singapore to get the updates on how to support public school system with the use of information communication technologies. In the near future, the schools and colleges will be connected with the Next Generation Broadband Network (NGBM) that provides the ultra-high speed wireless connectivity. There is a need of the ICT mentor in school and college who keeps checking the latest update and can try to implement the same technologies in the schools so that they can provide the better learning to the students, these learnings help the students to grow in the near future. The professional learning communication is used in many schools and colleges that help the teachers to explore the technical possibilities and this also helps teachers in exploring new pedagogies with technology (Spector, Merrill, Elen, B ishop, 2014). It is estimated that by the year 2020, approximately 1.5 new digitized jobs will be there across the world. Approximately 90% of the schools and colleges are lacking with the IT skills shortage, the student in the present day feel the gap in their capability to meet the expertise needs of the IT workforce (Frezzo, 2017). According to the research, by the year 2020, the cloud-based education will be implemented by the schools and colleges to provide effective data sharing and better aggregation of student metrics. By the year 2024, the culture of the learning will be embedded into social learning experiences along with the mobile learning technology (Nickerson, Zodhiates, 2013). The emersions of the daily transition from e-learning along with the face- to face learning will more elegant. By the year 2028, the use of biometrics will start in the education and teachers will be replaced. These technology uses to make the students familiar with the IT skills and they will get curious to know more about the technology. This opens the new ways of the future for the company (Britland, 2013). 3D printing is one of the technologies which are going to be used in the classrooms. The engineering students can make use of the 3D printing that helps to test engineering design with the use of models. The students can check the models before making the actual prototype for this the students make use of the computer-aided design; modeling software. This will save the time of costs and time of the students. Another technology that is going to be used in the future includes flexible displays (Buehler, Comrie, Hofmann, McDonald, Hurst, 2016). During the lectures, the traditional display was a paper which is currently shifted to laptops, netbook, and tablets. In the near future, the OLED-based displays will be the most flexible displays that are going to be used by the schools and the colleges. The displays are going to be lightweight, and extremely thin, students can roll them into tubes or fold them like newspapers. Biometric technology is booming in the security industry, but sooner or later it is going to be the part of education system. Eye tracking is involved in the biometric technology which is helpful to understand teachers feedback, how much students absorb from the learning sessions. The Mirametrix is using its S2 Eye Tracker to evaluate how students learn through online learning sessions when they watch them. These technologies show the future of the education system with the use of the information communication technologies (Pareek, 2016). The advancement of the technology will change the way of providing the learning to the students (Heick, 2012). These changes bring the positive changes in the future of the student; the better understanding of learning will bring the bright future of the students. The shifting of digital whiteboards will take place with the Multi-Touch LCD touch boards. These boards are going to be giant boards with the LCD screen lying on the top of the table. The students can swipe on the board to drag and manipulate the images around the screen and can type notes with the on-screen keypad. On each desk, the student will find these LCD screens so that they can access the learning across the world. Learning with the use of the technology attracts most of the student and they get focused towards their learning (Patel, Nayak, Kevadia, Patel, 2017). For instance, the Durham University shows how to make the use of technology in learning for the school children. The students get handy towards the uses of the technology and they get aware how to browse. The ICTs brings the changes in education but this is also a fact that it replaces the face-to-face contact in the classroom. The future uses of the ICTs in education will definitely bring the positive aspect but it will likely to impact the various institutions and the different client groups might get affected (Tyner, 2014). The impact on the institutions and on groups can be negative and positive. The institution like college and schools have to look at the advanced technology and have to invest the amount to bring the advanced technology so that they will be able to provide the best facility of the learning to the students. Though investment on the technologies will bring the development in the institutions; this is also a fact to bring the advanced technology there is need of the huge amount which is not possible for some institutions to invest in technology. These institutions might lack behind and will result in the decline in the profits and development. The students and the teachers might get hooked on the technology instead of the learning content. The ICTs use in education includes the different technologies that attract the students towards it and this is the reason most of the students start with the learning lessons but ends with the technology used for the self-interest. This leads to the distraction for the students and teachers. The ICTs technologies bounded the imagination power of the students; nowadays the students are getting all the creative ideas on the internet (Andres, Asongu, Amavilah, 2015). This bounded the ideas and creativity of the students and they are getting dependent on the technology. The brainstorming or personal development also get restricted because of these technologies. Different groups include the teacher anxiety because the teachers in the universities are going to be replaced by the advance technology emergence. They might also lose the authority in the class because the learning process is becoming more learner-centered. There is one more reason behind the replacement of the teachers that is lack of awareness about the digital technology. There are some institutions who are trying to provide the professional learning to teachers in regards to the technology so that they can continue their job but in case the teachers are not able to get familiar with the changes they have to leave the job. This shows the negative impact on the institutions and the different groups. Each and every institution will require a mentor who is familiar with the technology and knows about the technology advancement. The need of the technical support specialists is essential in the institutions to continue the viability of the ICT use in the schools and university. The demand of the specialist will increase in the near future this will create a job opportunity for the specialist in the country. The technology advancement in the universities and schools will enhance the development of the teachers, those tutors who were not aware of the technology uses earlier will get to know about the use of technology. This personal learning and development will help the tutors in the near future and their demand will increase. The use of the information communication technology in education has the ability to perform the impossible experiments by using the stimulations. These experiments change into the innovation with the use of the technology. The ICTs in education provided the connectivity which helps the students to access the international experts teaching materials across the world. This will help the student to accomplish their study in depth and along with the expertise which leads to the bright future of the students (Stromquist, Monkman, 2014). The accessibility of the technology made it possible to check the learning material and the expert opinion on the learning. This creates the positive impact on the future of the students. The information communication technology uses are definitely going to increase in the near future. Though, with the changes in the future, there will be a presence of the positive and negative impact on the institution along with the group. Considering both the parameters, the development will take place in the countries, the future of the students is going to be bright, and the technology advancement will take place. Though, the negative impact can try to reduce the usage of ICTs in the education. References Andres, A. R., Asongu, S. A., Amavilah, V. (2015). The impact of formal institutions on knowledge economy. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6(4), 1034-1062. Britland, M. (2013). What is the future of technology in education?. 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